If design is the brain of a sustainable project, location is its metabolism. Long before insulation values, façade details, or smart controls are locked in, the site you choose has already set your building’s lifetime emissions, costs, risks, and social value on a trajectory. Pick wisely and you inherit clean energy, resilient infrastructure, walkability, a stable microclimate, and community goodwill. Pick poorly and you’ll be fighting uphill—oversizing mechanical systems, paying for flood defenses, trucking materials across long distances, and struggling for permits and public acceptance.
This guide distills the best of sustainable siting practice into concrete steps you can apply anywhere, with extra depth for cold climates and Nordic contexts. It’s written for developers, architects, planners, and investors who need decisions that are defensible, numbers-driven, and regulation-ready.
1) What Do We Mean by a “Sustainable Location”?
A sustainable location is one that, over the full life cycle of the building and its surrounding landscape:
- Minimizes whole-life carbon (embodied + operational + mobility + end-of-life).
- Reduces environmental risk (flood, fire, landslide, radon, subsidence, heat, storms).
- Supports healthy patterns of daily life (walkability, transit, green space, daylight, quiet).
- Respects and regenerates local ecologies (soil, water, biodiversity, corridors).
- Leverages existing infrastructure (district energy, stormwater, waste, digital).
- Enables circularity (salvage, reuse, local low-carbon materials, modularity).
- Aligns with policy and finance (code compliance, incentives, green taxonomies).
- Remains adaptable (future climate, changing uses, evolving energy systems).
Think in layers of scale:
- Region: grid carbon intensity, climate zone, major hazards, resource base (e.g., forestry for timber).
- City/municipality: transit network, district heating/cooling, zoning, waste heat sources, policy.
- Neighborhood: walkability, services, schools, open space, noise, air quality, social equity.
- Parcel/micro-site: solar/wind access, slope, soils, hydrology, trees, overshadowing, access.
- Building footprint: orientation, setbacks, contamination hot spots, view corridors, heritage edges.
The earlier you lock a site, the bigger the leverage. Many studies show that the location + massing decisions can swing operational energy by 20–40% and transportation emissions by even more—often dwarfing material substitutions alone.
2) The Site Selection Hierarchy: Avoid → Minimize → Restore → Regenerate
A powerful sequence for site choice and design:
- Avoid: ecologically sensitive land (primary habitats, wetlands), high-risk floodplains, steep unstable slopes, culturally significant landscapes, displacement of vulnerable communities.
- Minimize: greenfield disturbance, parking footprints, long commutes, truck miles, utility extensions.
- Restore: brownfields, compact infill, riparian buffers, soils, urban tree canopy, daylight to streets.
- Regenerate: biodiversity net gain, water-positive landscapes, energy-positive microgrids, community wealth creation.
A simple rule of thumb: Urban brownfield infill within a 10–15-minute walk to frequent transit is usually the most sustainable choice, assuming contamination can be remediated responsibly. It cuts transport emissions, leverages existing infrastructure, and reduces land take.
3) Climate-Responsive Siting: Passive Performance Starts Outside
3.1 Macro climate inputs
- Heating and cooling degree days (HDD/CDD): anchor your envelope/energy strategy. In sub-Arctic or continental climates with high HDD, prioritize compact form, airtightness, and south-facing solar gains. In hot climates with high CDD, emphasize shading, cross-ventilation, and thermal mass.
- Design temperatures & wind roses: inform natural ventilation feasibility, wind-break planting, and snow drift control in cold regions.
3.2 Microclimate tactics
- Orientation: Aim for long dimension east-west to maximize winter sun and control summer gain. For cold climates, prioritize a 10–20° east of south façade bias for morning sun and reduced evening overheating.
- Shading/overshadowing: Model neighboring massing. Even a 4–6 m overshadow in winter can materially reduce passive solar gains in high latitudes.
- Topography: Cold air pools in valleys; wind accelerates over ridgelines. South-facing mid-slope benches often balance sun, wind shelter, and drainage.
- Urban heat island (UHI): Sites with higher tree canopy, permeable ground, and reflective surfaces can be 1–3°C cooler in summer, reducing cooling loads.
- Snow and ice patterns: In snowy regions, shape the site to avoid leeward drifts at entrances, reduce ice buildup by orienting paths for sun exposure, and position roof forms to prevent hazardous snow shedding.
3.3 Passive rules of thumb
- Glazing: In cold climates, 20–35% window-to-wall on the south façade with high g-value triple glazing can yield net heat gains; keep east/west modest; super-insulate north.
- Wind: Plant evergreen windbreaks at 2–5H distance (H = mature tree height) to reduce winter infiltration; design for sheltered outdoor rooms to extend shoulder seasons.
- Daylight: Target sDA300/50% (daylight autonomy) at the space level; ensure site obstructions do not depress daylight below healthy levels in dwellings and schools.
4) Land, Soil, and Hydrology: Build With the Ground, Not Against It
4.1 Soils
- Bearing capacity drives foundation options; low bearing soils invite deep piles (higher embodied carbon). Favor sites that support shallow foundations, or reuse existing foundations where safe.
- Contamination: Brownfields can be excellent locations if a remediation plan is viable. Characterize with a Phase I/II ESA equivalent; use risk-based remediation and in-situ techniques to minimize haul-off.
- Radon: In many regions (including large parts of Norway), radon-prone geology demands sub-slab depressurization. Site radon mapping early; detail membranes and sump points accordingly.
4.2 Water
- Floodplains & sea-level rise: Prefer sites above 200-year flood levels plus freeboard; for coastal projects, layer elevation + setback + amphibious/retreat strategies. Critical equipment above flood lines, watertight basements only where defensible, and egress routes that remain dry.
- Groundwater: High water tables complicate geothermal borefields and basements. Consider foundation types that minimize dewatering—for example, raft slabs—and surface SUDS to reduce hydrostatic pressure.
- Infiltration: Soils that support bioretention (e.g., sandy loams) reduce pipework and treatment loads. Test infiltration rates; size rain gardens, swales, and permeable paving to manage the design storm on site.
4.3 Slope and stability
- Slopes >15% increase cut/fill, access complexity, and erosion risk. If building on slope, align structures parallel to contours, step foundations, and design terracing as habitat + water features, not sterile retaining walls.
- Landslide and rockfall: Use hazard maps and geotechnical advice. Where unavoidable, use catch berms, mesh, setbacks, and avoid placing critical facilities in run-out zones.
5) Ecology and Biodiversity: From “Do No Harm” to Net Gain
- Avoid: Primary habitats, wetlands, old-growth stands, and ecological corridors. If unavoidable, design wildlife-permeable landscapes with clear crossing structures and native planting.
- Tree strategy: Preserve mature trees—one large canopy tree can equal dozens of saplings in ecosystem services. Protect root zones during construction; model post-construction windthrow risk.
- Soil as a living system: Strip, stockpile, and reapply topsoil carefully. Minimize compaction with designated haul routes and temporary matting.
- Biodiversity net gain: Set a quantitative target (e.g., +10–20% habitat units). Use native species, layered structure (canopy/shrub/understory), deadwood for invertebrates, and water features designed as seasonal wetlands.
- Light and noise: Position luminaires with shielding and warm spectra near habitats; control night-time construction noise; apply quiet façades to sensitive edges.
6) Mobility and Access: The Hidden Carbon of Where You Build
Transport often dominates a project’s Scope 3 emissions. A site that shifts trips from cars to walking, cycling, and transit can outperform even the best building envelope.
- Transit proximity: Target ≤500 m from frequent bus/tram and ≤800 m from rail/metro. Count frequency (headways), not just distance.
- 15-minute city logic: Map daily needs—groceries, school, health, green space—by walk time, not crow-flies distance. Safe crossings matter.
- Cycle networks: Prefer sites on continuous protected routes; integrate end-of-trip facilities (secure bike parking, showers).
- Freight & logistics: For commercial/industrial, design for off-peak deliveries, micro-consolidation, and e-cargo-bike last mile. For housing, enable parcel rooms to reduce failed delivery trips.
- Parking: Right-size (or unbundle) parking. Each underground stall can exceed 10–15 tCO₂e in embodied carbon and encourage driving. Shift to shared mobility and demand management.
- Street hierarchy: Choose sites on calmed streets over high-speed arterials to reduce pollution exposure and façade acoustic complexity.
7) Energy and Infrastructure: Let the Site Do the Heavy Lifting
7.1 Grid and district energy
- Grid carbon intensity: Regions with low-carbon electricity tilt the calculus towards electrification of heat; high-carbon grids may benefit from district heating, waste heat integration, or on-site renewables to offset.
- Waste heat sources: Data centers, industrial processes, supermarkets, wastewater plants—locating near them unlocks heat recovery into buildings or district loops.
- District heating/cooling: Sites on or near fourth/fifth-generation networks (low-temp, bidirectional) offer future-proof decarbonization and flexibility.
7.2 On-site resources
- Solar: Favor parcels with unshaded roof/parking fields; in high latitudes, prioritize east-west racking on flat roofs to spread generation and reduce structural ballast.
- Wind: Urban small wind is often underperforming; prioritize exposed rural/industrial sites with measured speeds if wind is a key strategy.
- Geoexchange: Sufficient land or aquifer conditions for borefields, energy piles, or ATES (aquifer thermal energy storage) can halve heating/cooling energy.
- Biomass: Only where truly sustainable feedstock and excellent local air quality controls apply; proximity to forestry by-products matters.
- Battery and EV: Grid connection capacity is a siting constraint; prefer locations where transformer upgrades are feasible and where demand response can monetize flexibility.
8) Water Security and Blue-Green Infrastructure
- Supply: Water-stressed regions demand low-flow fixtures, leak detection, drought-tolerant landscapes, and potentially rain/greywater reuse. Check local approvals early.
- Stormwater: Design for retain-and-reuse before detention. Layer green roofs, permeable paving, bioswales, detention basins, and smart controls. Select sites where these can be integrated without fighting the topography.
- Water quality: Industrial brownfields may require treatment trains to protect receiving waters. Favor sites that allow gravity-fed SUDS to minimize pumping.
9) Social Sustainability, Heritage, and Place
- Cultural landscapes: Engage early with communities, especially indigenous and historically marginalized groups. Adjust siting to avoid sacred sites and maintain view corridors.
- Healthy edges: Locate housing and schools away from major noise/air corridors where possible; buffer with green belts, berms, and non-sensitive uses.
- Public realm: Prioritize sites that can extend or repair street grids and add ground-floor active uses. A building that animates its block multiplies social value.
- Safety and inclusion: Design approaches that are legible, well-lit (without ecological harm), and naturally surveilled. Choose sites that integrate rather than isolate.
10) Economics and Policy: Viability Beyond Land Price
- Lifecycle economics: A cheaper exurban plot can cost more once you price in roads, utility extensions, bigger car parks, larger mechanical systems, and higher insurance.
- Incentives: Green financing, density bonuses, reduced parking minimums, tax credits, or grants for brownfield remediation, district energy connections, or affordable housing can transform feasibility.
- Insurance & finance risk: Flood and wildfire risk can drive premiums and devalue assets; sustainable locations are an alpha strategy for investors.
- Permitting: Sites aligned with municipal plans and climate goals move faster. Time saved is often the biggest return.
11) Adaptive Reuse First: The Greenest Square Meter Is the One You Don’t Build
Before picking a new site, scan for existing buildings that can be upgraded:
- Condition assessment: Apply a structured methodology (e.g., NS 3424 logic) to evaluate load paths, envelope, services, and hazardous materials. Many structures are over-engineered compared to current code loads and can take extra floors in timber or light steel.
- Structural grids: 6–8 m grids in old industrial buildings are ideal for flexible reuse; high floor-to-floor heights ease daylight and HVAC retrofits.
- Foundations and basements: Reusing them avoids huge embodied carbon; check waterproofing, radon, and differential settlement.
- Urban fabric: Reuse tends to be in walkable cores; that alone slashes mobility emissions.
- Circular salvage: Deconstruction on nearby sites can supply reclaimed brick, timber, and steel, especially if you build reverse logistics into procurement.
12) Circularity and Material Geography
Location determines your material footprint:
- Local low-carbon supply: Proximity to sustainable timber mills, low-carbon concrete producers, and bio-based insulation plants cuts transport and supports innovation.
- Ports and railheads: Industrial projects can slash truck miles with rail-served sites. For coastal projects, barge delivery can be both lower-carbon and less disruptive.
- Waste ecosystems: Sites near recycling hubs and anaerobic digestion or construction material exchanges make circular strategies real, not rhetorical.
13) Codes, Standards, and Frameworks: Align Early
- National/local building codes (e.g., TEK17 in Norway) embed requirements for energy, moisture safety, universal design, and climate adaptation that vary with site conditions (snow loads, wind, radon, flood).
- Planning policy: Municipal plans often steer growth to transit nodes and infill. Choosing aligned sites reduces rezoning risk.
- Green rating systems: LEED/BREEAM/SITES reward location efficiency, brownfield reuse, transit access, heat island reduction, stormwater performance, and ecology. If certification is a goal, pick sites that bank easy points.
- Finance taxonomies: EU Taxonomy/green bonds increasingly ask where and how you build. A resilient site choice eases sustainable finance due diligence.
14) Archetypes of Sustainable Locations (and How to Do Them Right)
14.1 Urban Infill Near Transit
Why it’s good: Leverages existing infrastructure, cuts transport emissions, activates streets, shortens construction logistics.
Watchouts & tactics:
- Daylight and overshadowing from neighbors; use setbacks/stepbacks and bright courtyards.
- Noise/air quality near arterials; specify filtered supply air, quiet façades, and green buffers.
- Micro-greenspace; integrate green roofs, pocket parks, and edible landscapes.
14.2 Brownfield Waterfront/Industrial Redevelopment
Why it’s good: Remediates legacy pollution, re-stitches urban fabric, unlocks large tracts for mixed use.
Watchouts & tactics:
- Flood + contamination coupling; sequence cap/contain with blue-green edges (living shorelines).
- Uneven fill and deep foundations; consider lightweight structures (timber), raft slabs, preloading, and ground improvement with low-carbon methods.
- Heritage assets; reuse cranes, tracks, warehouses as place-defining elements.
14.3 Rural Clustered Housing in Existing Villages
Why it’s good: Supports local services, avoids greenfield sprawl, offers land for agroforestry and biodiversity corridors.
Watchouts & tactics:
- Car dependency; provide shared mobility, demand-responsive transit, and safe cycle links to centers.
- On-site energy/water; use heat pumps with geoexchange, rain/greywater reuse, and constructed wetlands.
- Maintain vernacular massing and materials to ensure social acceptance.
14.4 Cold-Climate/Arctic Locations
Why it’s good: Vast renewable potential (wind/hydro), strong timber culture.
Watchouts & tactics:
- Permafrost (where relevant); prefer elevated, ventilated foundations, adjust drainage to avoid thaw-settlement.
- Snow/wind; sculpt massing to shed snow safely and break winter winds without causing eddies at entrances.
- Seasonal solar; super-insulated envelopes, heat recovery ventilation, and seasonal thermal storage (boreholes).
14.5 Mountainous Sites
Why it’s good: Gravity-fed water, micro-hydro, excellent solar on south slopes.
Watchouts & tactics:
- Rockfall/avalanche; site outside run-out zones; use deflection berms where necessary.
- Access/egress; keep winter maintenance realistic; avoid long heated driveways.
14.6 Coastal Sites
Why it’s good: Sea breezes, potential for seawater source heat pumps, blue-green amenities.
Watchouts & tactics:
- Sea-level rise and storm surge; elevate/retreat, design amphibious edges, and keep critical systems high.
- Salt corrosion; specify marine-grade materials and detail for drainage.
15) A Quantitative Scoring Model You Can Start Using Tomorrow
A simple multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) helps compare apples to apples. Start with normalized scores (0–5) on each criterion; weight according to project priorities.
Location Sustainability Index (LSI) =
0.20×Mobility + 0.15×Energy/Infrastructure + 0.15×Water & Hydrology + 0.15×Ecology + 0.10×Climate/Microclimate + 0.10×Circularity & Materials + 0.10×Risk/Resilience + 0.05×Social Value
Example sub-criteria (score 0–5):
- Mobility: Transit frequency within 500–800 m; walkability (intersection density, block length); bike network quality.
- Energy/Infrastructure: Proximity to district energy; grid capacity; solar access (annual kWh/m² viable roof); borefield feasibility.
- Water & Hydrology: Flood risk level; infiltration rates; water scarcity index; potential for SUDS gravity design.
- Ecology: Habitat sensitivity; potential for net gain; tree canopy; corridor connectivity.
- Climate/Microclimate: Orientation potential; overshadowing; wind shelter; UHI score.
- Circularity & Materials: Distance to timber mills, LCC plants, recycling hubs; salvage opportunities.
- Risk/Resilience: Landslide/wildfire/hurricane exposure; emergency egress; redundancy in utilities.
- Social Value: Access to schools/healthcare/parks; equity impacts (no displacement); heritage integration.
Rank candidate sites by LSI; then do sensitivity tests by changing weights (e.g., transit-heavy vs. ecology-heavy priorities) to see if rankings are robust.
16) Due Diligence: A 100-Day Sustainable Siting Playbook
Days 1–15: Rapid filtering
- Define goals (carbon, resilience, social).
- Map no-go layers (primary habitats, floodways, landslides).
- Shortlist sites that pass “avoid” filters and fit program/zoning.
Days 16–40: Desktop diagnostics
- Mobility: transit headways, network quality, traffic safety.
- Energy: grid capacity, district energy proximity, waste heat sources.
- Water: flood maps, groundwater depth, soils/infiltration proxies.
- Ecology: habitat sensitivity, tree canopy, corridors.
- Social: services within 15 minutes, equity impacts, noise/air corridors.
- Circularity: suppliers, salvage, rail/port proximity.
Days 41–70: Fieldwork + testing
- Site walks in different weather; speak to neighbors.
- Geotech probes, infiltration tests, trial pits, radon pre-screen.
- Solar/wind/overshadowing surveys; tree health assessments.
- Environmental sampling where brownfield.
Days 71–90: Concept massing + LCA/TEA
- Develop massings for each site; run quick energy & daylight models.
- Whole-life carbon pre-assessment (materials + operational + mobility).
- High-level cost/risk; remediation and infrastructure bills.
Days 91–100: Decision & commitments
- Pick the site with the best LSI + feasibility.
- Draft Ecology Net Gain plan, SUDS concept, energy concept, and community engagement roadmap.
- Lock in monitoring KPIs for carbon, water, biodiversity, and mobility.
17) Cold-Climate & Norwegian Focus: Practical Nuances
While the general principles travel well, cold climates and Nordic settings have specific considerations:
- Snow, ice, and sun: Favor parcels where south-facing façades have clear winter sun paths and where primary pedestrian routes can enjoy solar exposure to reduce icing. Avoid deep north-facing canyons created by neighboring massing.
- Windbreaks: Sites that permit tree belts or built screens on the northwest/west edges will reduce infiltration and improve comfort around entrances.
- District heating & waste heat: Locating within reach of district networks or near data centers/industrial heat enables low-carbon thermal strategies. On small towns, a cluster of buildings can justify a shared ambient loop.
- Radon-aware siting: Favor shallow foundations on stable ground with integrated radon barriers and sub-slab depressurization stubs.
- Material geography: Proximity to PEFC/FSC-certified timber mills and low-carbon cement plants is a real siting advantage; it reduces logistics emissions and procurement risk.
- Stormwater in freeze-thaw: Bioretention still works in cold climates, but allocate storage above frozen layers, ensure overflows are protected, and choose salt-tolerant native species.
- TEK-aligned massing: Compact forms lower specific transmission losses; siting that supports compactness without compromising daylight cuts both energy and cost.
18) Three Illustrative Vignettes
A) Transit-Oriented Infill: Mid-Rise Housing Near a Metro Stop
- Location: 500 m from a metro station on a mixed-use street grid.
- Why sustainable: 70–80% of trips are walk/transit; minimal car parking; existing utilities.
- Key moves: South-facing courtyard; green roof retention; timber hybrid structure; filtered air to façades facing traffic; rainwater reuse for irrigation; community space at grade.
Outcomes (indicative):
- Operational energy –25% vs. code due to passive gains and short ducts.
- Mobility emissions –60–70% vs. car-dependent alternative.
- Biodiversity +15% net gain via trees, native understory, and biodiverse roof.
B) Industrial Brownfield to Mixed-Use Eco-District
- Location: Former light-industrial precinct with aging utilities, near a low-temp district loop.
- Why sustainable: Remediates soil, connects to district energy, transforms impermeable yards to blue-green infrastructure.
- Key moves: Risk-based remediation; cap with parks and building pads; ATES for seasonal storage; swales with native wetland species; preserved warehouse frames repurposed as markets and maker spaces.
Outcomes:
- Embodied carbon –20–30% via reuse of frames and foundations.
- Peak storm flows –80% vs. predevelopment.
- Heat demand –50% with ambient loop + heat pumps + storage.
C) Rural Cluster Housing Adjacent to a Village Core
- Location: Edge-of-village site within a 10-minute walk to school, shop, clinic.
- Why sustainable: Supports services; avoids scattered sprawl; enables local timber supply chain.
- Key moves: Cluster homes around shared greens; preserved hedgerows as biodiversity corridors; shared ground loop field; community mobility hub with e-bikes and car share; edible landscaping and allotments.
Outcomes:
- Traffic –40% per household with shared mobility.
- Operational energy near net-zero via high-performance envelopes and shared geoexchange.
- Biodiversity +20% through corridor enhancement and pesticide-free management.
19) Common Pitfalls (and How to Avoid Them)
- Ignoring mobility: Focusing on building energy while placing the project where every trip needs a car. Always model transport emissions.
- Underestimating ground conditions: Surprises in soils/groundwater can erase budgets and embodied carbon gains. Do early geotech and contamination screens.
- Token green space: Thin lawns are ecological deserts. Design layered, native, water-smart landscapes.
- Overreliance on rooftop PV: Great, but not if overshadowed or snow-covered all winter. Check solar access and integrate façade PV where suitable.
- Flood “defenses” that trap you: Elevate and keep egress dry; don’t create moats that isolate buildings.
- Heritage conflict: Late engagement leads to delays. Use heritage as a design driver, not an afterthought.
- Parking bloat: Each stall is a carbon and cost sink. Right-size via shared mobility and transit.
- Ecological double counting: Planting turf atop underground garages doesn’t replace real soil ecosystems. Where structure is overhead, design specialized habitats (green roofs, planters) and compensate elsewhere.
20) Bringing It Together: A Location-First Carbon Budget
Before concept design, assemble a pre-design carbon budget that includes:
- Embodied carbon (A1–A5): structure, envelope, siteworks (and remediation).
- Operational energy (B6): modeled for realistic occupancy and climate.
- User mobility (Scope 3): based on location, mixed-mode travel, and parking policy.
- End-of-life (C): influenced by modularity, deconstruction planning, and proximity to recyclers.
Use the LSI to pick the best site, then iterate massing and systems until the combined carbon remains under your target (e.g., ≤300–400 kgCO₂e/m² upfront for larger projects in timber/hybrid, tending lower for small housing) and on a net-zero operational path with clean power.
21) A Short, Actionable Checklist
Location shortlisting
- Outside high-risk flood/landslide zones or with robust adaptation potential.
- Within 500–800 m of frequent transit and continuous bike routes.
- Brownfield/infill preferred; avoid sensitive habitats/corridors.
- Grid capacity/district energy nearby; potential for geoexchange or waste heat.
- Adequate solar access; controllable wind; manageable snow/drift patterns.
- Soils support shallow foundations or safe reuse of existing ones.
- Water strategy feasible: gravity SUDS, reuse options, quality protection.
- Proximity to low-carbon material suppliers and salvage sources.
- Community & heritage alignment; strong 15-minute services map.
Due diligence
- Geotech, contamination, radon, infiltration tests.
- Solar/overshadowing and daylight studies.
- Biodiversity baseline and net-gain plan.
- Mobility plan with parking demand management.
- Whole-life carbon + mobility estimate vs. target.
- Engagement plan with neighbors, heritage bodies, and ecological stakeholders.
Concept commitments
- Compact, climate-tuned massing with passive gains.
- Blue-green infrastructure for water quality, habitat, and cooling.
- District/ambient loop or geoexchange integration where viable.
- Timber/hybrid structures where supply and fire engineering allow.
- Adaptable ground floors and future-proof plant space.
- Monitoring plan for post-occupancy performance.
22) Final Thoughts: Treat Location as a Clean Energy System
Choosing a sustainable building location is not a box-ticking exercise; it is the first and most durable clean energy investment you make. The right site places your project on the winning side of geography: more sun and shelter, fewer kilometers traveled, cleaner heat, safer ground, richer biodiversity, and stronger communities. It pays back in reduced capex (smaller plant, fewer civil works), lower opex (energy, insurance), higher asset resilience, and—increasingly—preferential finance.
Design excellence remains critical—but when the site itself is pulling with you, everything else becomes easier. Start every project by asking not “What can we build here?” but “Where can we build so the land, the city, and the climate help us succeed?” The answer to that question is where sustainable buildings begin.
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